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München and Rastatt on Karl Stumpp's "Map of the German
Settlements in the Odessa region (west part of the Gouv. Kherson,"
August 1955, AHSGR Map #2. |
Mother colonies
Rastatt and
München in the Beresan enclave near Odessa were founded on 11 October 1810. As with many founding dates, sources are not completely in agreement. For these two, some say 1809, and some say spring of 1810. They do, however, seem to agree that they were founded at the same time.
With the
Black Sea area newly opened in 1804, the Beresan colonies began to be established between 1809-1819. The two sister colonies were roughly 1 mile (1.6 km) apart. It was common for colonies in a new area to be settled close to each other for support, no doubt a lesson learned from the early Volga colonies that were sometimes alone out on the edge of the Russian Empire and often attacked.
Although a part of the Beresan enclave, they were not located in the Beresan river valley but rather in the Tschitschekleja (Chychykliya) river valley, 10 miles (16 km) to the north. According to one account, the Beresan valley had become overpopulated. The Tschitschekleja river often flooded, leaving standing pools of polluted water in Rastatt and München. This contributed to health problems including a typhoid epidemic in the first years of settlement.
Rastatt was a Catholic colony with colonists originating from Baden (14 families from
Rastatt, 14 from
Waibstadt, eight from
Ettlingen, seven from
Bretten, three from
Meimsheim and one from
Bruschal), 44 families from the
Palatinate and 22 from
Alsace.
By 1913, Rastatt had 338 farmsteads with 3,807 residents along with 21 Russian families, nine Jewish families and two gypsy families in addition to a number of Russian farm hands and maids.
The name was originally spelled R-a-s-t-a-d-t, but both spelling variations were used. Even modern collections will bring up different results depending on the spelling.
Rastatt, the larger sister colony, had been designated a parish from its inception. Its original church was built in 1812 and was in use until 1872 when new church was built at a cost of over 35,000 rubles. It was made of quarried stone, was 140 feet long and 56 feet wide, with two towers which rose to the height of 130 feet. It served as the parish of two small market towns, Annovka and Kantakuzenka, and the khutors Alexandrovka I, Alexandrovka II, Manov, Neu-Amerika, Ochakov, Savidovka, Skarupka, Svenigorodka, and others in the Ananyev district.
The church is gone now, but part of the cemetery remains. The
Germans from Russia Heritage Collection's 2004
Journey to the Homeland tour recorded some of the headstones and iron crosses that were still visible.
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"Friede seiner Asche" Large tombstone for Raphael Seelenger, son of Johannes, born 20 August 1887 in Rastadt, died in Berlin, age 23, on 17 October 1910. Note that there was a photo on the tombstone at one point that has been removed. Photos on tombstones were customary beginning in the early 1900s, and some are still seen in cemeteries across North and South Dakota.
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Entrance to the former German cemetery at Rastatt. Photo by Michael M. Miller, 2004.
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"Heir ruht in Gottes Namen"
Wrought iron cross and tombstone for Maria Elisa Stücka.
Photo by Michael M. Miller, 2004.
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München was also a Catholic colony, but there were three Lutheran families in the colony in 1811 around the time of founding. The original colonists consisted of 37 families from villages in the Palatinate, 15 families from Baden and five families from Alsace.
In 1872, München began building its church. In 1890, it became it became a parish. The parish included the surrounding khutors, including Bogdanovka, Domanevka (Domanewka), Dvoryanka, Gardegay, Grisa, Heck, Kapitanovka, Karlevka, Kavkas, Khristoforovka, Klandovo, Kratovka, Lerisk, Lubo-Alexandrova, Novo-Nikolayevka, Novoselevka, Selingra (Sirotskoje or Selinger-Chutor), Slepukha and Volkov.
From Joseph S. Height's Paradise of the Steppe:
"Built of good quarried stone, the church was 130 feet long and 45 feet wide, with a tower only 56 feet high. It was consecrated by Bishop Zerr on May 27, 1890 and dedicated to St. Nicholas. The first parish priest of München was Father Andreas Keller, a native of Selz, who had been ordained three weeks before."
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Ruins of the Catholic church in München, Beresan (identified as Grodowka today by the photographer). Date unknown. Photo by Florian Rühmann, courtesy of GRHC. https://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/history_culture/town_county/images/munchen/munchen1.jpg (link no longer active) |
München today is sometimes referred to as Gradowka after a khutor by that name (also known as Schart-Khutor) which the
German-Russian Handbook notes was founded in 1900 near Rastatt. The name Gradowka doesn't appear on any modern map or database, but it's been recorded as an alternate name for München in this project.
Learn More:
- "Founding of the German Settlements in the Odessa District and the Origin of the Immigrants," by Karl Stumpp. Translator, Theodore Charles Wenzlaff. Germans from Russia Heritage Society Heritage Review, Vol. 2, No. 2, April 1981, pp. 20-28.
- German-Russian Handbook: A Reference Book for Russian German and German Russian History and Culture, by Ulrich Mertens. Translators, Brigitte von Budde and Alex Herzog. Second printing, 2010, pp. 536, 623, 649.
- Germans from Russia Heritage Collection
- München
- Interview with Sister Reinhardt Hecker, conducted by Michael M. Miller, 8 November 1993, Sisters of St. Benedict, Annunciation Priory, Bismarck, North Dakota.
- Munich (München, today Gradowka), Beresan District Photographs, by Florian Rühmann. Bonn, Germany. Date unknown. (Link no longer active. https://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/history_culture/town_county/munchen.html)
- München/Gradowka – Eine Reise in die eigene Geschichte (Munich/Gradowka - A Journey into Your Own History), by Florian Rühmann. Bonn, Germany. Date unknown. (Link no longer active. https://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/history_culture/town_county/files/munchen.pdf
- Rastatt
- A Brief Visit to My Ancestral Village of Rastadt, Ukraine, October 20, 1999, by Suzanne Ellen (Heiser) Crawford, Fairfax, Virginia. (Link no longer active. https://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/outreach/journey/ellen.html)
- Memories of Rastadt, Beresan District, Ukraine, by Eugenia Gaertner, March 24, 1998. Wingham, Ontario, Canada. (Link no longer active. https://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/history_culture/history/rastadt.htm)
- 2004 Journey to the Homeland Tour – Photos of the former Catholic German Cemetery in Rastatt (Link no longer active. https://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/outreach/journey/photographs/journey04/jrny046.html)
- Paradise on the Steppe: A Cultural History of the Kutschurgan, Beresan, and Liebental Colonists 1904-1972, by Joseph H. Height. Fifth printing, 1989, pp. 75, 77, 83, 85, 317-321.
Updated 10 October 2021
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